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1·Reinforcement is required for both parapatric and sympatric speciation.

对于领域性的和同域性的物种形成，强化是必需的。

2·In sympatric speciation, species diverge while inhabiting the same place.

在同域物种形成中，居住在同一个地方的物种分歧化。

3·Often cited examples of sympatric speciation are found in insects which become dependent on different host plants in the same area.

经常提到的同域物种形成实例，是在同一地区的、依赖于不同寄主植物的昆虫中发现的。

4·Plant secondary substances determine diet breadth to a great extent. They play a significant role in speciation, especially the sympatric speciation.

植物次生物质对叶甲的寄主范围起到决定性作用，在物种形成特别是同域物种形成过程中起到十分重要的作用。