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1·Based on the principles and methods of cladistics, the phylogeny in Kengyilia of Poaceae is analysed in the present paper.

基于分支系统学的原理和方法，对禾本科以礼草属进行了系统发育分析。

2·The phylogeny of the known 427 genera of Tenthredinoidea of world was reconstructed using the principle and methods of cladistics.

应用支序系统学原理和方法研究了膜翅目叶蜂总科世界已知427属的系统发育关系。

3·Using cladistics methods, we studied both outer and osteological characters of 4 fish groups, Cyprinus, Barbodes, Schizothorax (Racoma) and Paracobitis, endemic to Erhai Lake.

本文应用分支系统学方法，选取外部及骨骼形态学特征，对洱海特有的鲤属、四须鲃属、裂腹鱼属弓鱼亚属和副鳅属进行了研究。