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1·The past studies of Zhangqi and Zhangbing come mostly from the angle of disease study, historical geography, and social history of medical and health.

关于瘴气与瘴病的研究，以往学界主要集中在疾病学、历史地理学以及医疗社会史范畴；

2·Medical topography should be differentiated from EPIDEMIOLOGY in that the former emphasizes geography whereas the latter emphasizes disease outbreaks. Dr. James h.

医学地形学应与流行病学区分，因为前者强调的是地理，而后者强调的是疾病暴发流行。