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1·Many surnames were based on father son relations.

许多姓氏是基于父子关系。

2·Surnames like Hill described the place where a person lived.

像希尔这样的姓氏描述了一个人居住的地方。

3·British surnames fall mainly into four broad categories: patronymic, occupational, descriptive and local.

英国人的姓氏主要分为四大类：父姓、职业姓、描述性的和本地姓。

4·In fact, over fifty per cent of genuine British surnames derive from place names of different kinds, and so they belong to the last of our four main categories.

事实上，超过50%的真正的英国姓氏来源于不同种类的地名，所以地名是姓氏来源四个主要类别中的最后一类。

5·This, for those as yet unaware of such a disadvantage, refers to discrimination against those whose surnames begin with a letter in the lower half of the alphabet.

对于那些还没有意识到这种不利条件的人来说，这指的是对那些姓氏以字母表下半部分的字母开头的人的歧视。

6·Hundreds of occupational surnames are at once familiar to us, or at least recognizable after a little thought: Archer, Carter, Fisher, Mason, Thatcher, Taylor, to name but a few.

数以百计的职业姓氏对我们来说曾经是熟悉的，或者至少稍加思考就能辨认出来：阿切尔、卡特、费雪、梅森、撒切尔、泰勒等等。

7·Zhang is one of the most common surnames in China.

“张”是中国最常用的姓之一。

8·By contrast, 70, 000 surnames cover 90 percent of Americans.

与此相对比的是，90%的美国人有着7万个姓氏。

9·In fact, there are only 7 surnames among its current residents.

实际上，在现居者中只有7个姓氏。

10·Like many surnames, Louis Pasteur's probably once indicated a profession.

像很多姓氏一样，巴斯德的姓氏在过去暗指专业。