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1·In 2006, Gurdon's work was developed by Yamanaka to show that a sample of a person's skin can be used to create stem cells.

2006年，山中伸弥对古尔登的研究成果进行了进一步研究，以证明一个人的皮肤样本可以用来制造干细胞。

2·A group of researchers at Kyoto University, led by Shinya Yamanaka, did this with mice last year.

去年，东京大学的Shinya Yamanaka领导的研究团队在老鼠身上完成了这个实验并取得成功。

3·A year later, two groups-one led by Yamanaka, the other by James thomson-independently created iPSCs from human skin cells.

两年后，两个团队分别独立创造出人体的诱导性万能干细胞(iPSCs)，一个是山中的团队，另一个是由詹姆斯·汤姆森带领的团队。

4·Second, at least one of the genes Yamanaka used was known to trigger cancer, and indeed it soon became clear that mice grown from iPSCs frequently developed tumors.

第二，山中所使用的基因中，至少有一种被认为会诱发癌症，事实也很快证明，由诱导性万能干细胞发育而成的小鼠有极大概率罹患肿瘤。

5·What Dr Yamanaka discovered in his work on mice was a group of transcription factors that switched on the pattern of gene expression which says, “I am an embryonic stem cell.”

Yamanaka通过对老鼠进行实验发现有一组转录因子可以改变基因的表达方式，让这些基因说：“我就是胚胎干细胞”。

6·The main thing to be said against the methods used by Dr Yamanaka and Dr Yu is the way that they persuade their experimental cells to churn out the appropriate transcription factors.

Yamanaka和Yu博士制造干细胞的方法有一点受到质疑：那就是他们用来说服细胞产生合适的转录因子的方式。

7·Two teams of researchers -- one led by Kyoto University's Shinya Yamanaka, the other by the University of Wisconsin's Junying Yu -- used a virus to add four new genes to skin cells.

日前，由日本东京大学的山中升迷和Junying Yu率领的两对研究小组做了这样一个实验：在表皮细胞中植入一枚病菌，经过转形，研究人员发现在表皮细胞中生成两组新的基因。

8·Shinya Yamanaka, Kyoto University, Japan This new volume provides a broad overview of the regulation of stem cell renewal and differentiation from a diverse panel of expert authors.

山中伸弥博士，日本京都大学这一新的卷提供了干细胞再生和分化，从作者的专家小组规定的广泛的多样化的概述。