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1·Politeness; Positive Politeness Strategies; Negative Politeness Strategies; Gender Variation; Chinese Culture;

礼貌； 正面礼貌策略； 负面礼貌策略； 性别差异； 汉文化；

2·The strategies of negative politeness include: minimizing the imposition, giving options, and using honorifics.

负面礼貌策略包括：把对受邀者的强加降到最低，提供选择，使用尊敬语。

3·Negative politeness strategies are intended to avoid giving offense by showing deference. These strategies include questioning, hedging, and presenting disagreements as opinions.

消极礼貌策略旨在表示尊敬以避免冒犯，其中包括：询问、说话留余地、用提议的方式表示反对。

4·Through the analyses of the strategies of positive politeness, negative politeness and off-record, the author suggests that such strategies should be used tactfully according to different situations.

通过对礼貌的概念及运用的研究，文章分析了如何使用英语礼貌语言中留面子的种种不同策略，分别达到积极礼貌以及消极礼貌的目的。

5·All these pragmatic functions conveyed by tag questions could be explained as either negative or positive politeness strategies.

这些功能可以被认为是实现了积极礼貌策略或消极礼貌策略。

6·In specific contexts, tag questions act as the realization of politeness strategies to mitigate face-threatening ACTS and attend the hearers' positive face or negative face.

在特定语境下，附加疑问句作为礼貌策略的一种实现形式，减轻面子威胁行为并且照顾到听话人的积极或消极面子。

7·Persuasive business letters, with their imposition on the reader's negative face, require a certain degree of politeness.

说服性商务信函，因其对读信人消极面子的影响，对礼貌程度也有一定的要求。