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1·Based on this gene shuffling, the scientists estimated that humans and the ancestors of the Altai Neanderthals interbred about 100,000 years ago - long before people were thought to have left Africa.

基于这种基因重组，科学家们估算出，人类与阿尔泰山脉尼安德特人的祖先在大约10万年前进行过混种繁殖——远在普遍认为的人类离开非洲的时间之前。

2·For example, module recycling or shuffling could generate new gene products without destroying the old ones or requiring duplication.

例如，模块的重新利用或迁移会在不破坏旧有模块或无须其有拷贝的情况下生成新的基因产物。