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1·National and religious conservatism meant a reinstatement of primitive customs, obscurantism, Neoplatonism and Byzantinism.

民族和宗教的保守主义意味着恢复原始的习俗，晦涩的主义，新柏拉图主义和拜占庭主义。

2·Or has he, on the contrary, promoted an agent of changes he knows to be inevitable, without which Russia might be sent back into chaos or obscurantism?

还是相反，他想提拔变革代理人，他知道变革不可避免，没有变革，俄罗斯可能回到混乱或者蒙昧主义？